(以下資料為節錄,若想閱讀全文,請點擊『文章來源』下的鏈結)
背景
一九六四年,迪亞斯奧達斯(Gustavo Diaz Ordaz)成為墨西哥總統。他曾任內政部長,在前總統任內,他曾因為對成本與收益有懷疑而反對申辦奧運。在他的總統任期內,墨西哥經濟明顯起飛,年增長百分之六至八。可是,在政治上,迪亞斯奧達斯奉行強硬手段。一九六五年,墨國醫生要求改善待遇,他對付醫生的辦法是施壓、分化,以至逮捕和撤職。一九六六年,莫里利亞市(Morelia)有大學發生學生示威,他對付學生的辦法是派軍隊進佔大學。就在那次揮軍進佔大學之前,他在總統諮文中宣稱:“沒有人有權反對墨西哥!”
一九六八年的風暴,觸發點是七月下旬兩批高校學生在墨城的一場球賽。顯然是迪亞斯奧達斯的政府對學生早有成見,認定年輕人不受羈絆。球賽因雙方打鬥告終,隨即有軍警到場以暴力對付學生。為此,先是一所高校的學生宣佈罷課,要求停止鎮壓和懲辦負責人員。學生的行動換來的是政府再次派軍隊進佔高校,並且把事件定性為國家安全問題,學運由此爆發。
八月初,學運成形,全國罷課委員會成立,向政府提出撤去軍警、尊重大學自主等六項要求。八月中,十萬學生遊行示威,高呼:“墨西哥!自由!”學生其他的口號很純真:“要書本!不要刺刀!”、“人可以教育,不可以駕馭!”還有傳單敬告國人:“學生不是流氓,也不是叛亂分子!”學生促請政府就所提的要求“公開回應”,並呼籲政府“公開對話”。
八月底,學運進入高潮。學生雖然沒有權力、沒有武裝,卻相信“國家是我們的”!在中央廣場上,學生曾一度要求總統出來面對群眾,但政府的回應是採取閃電行動,在一個淩晨出動軍警和裝甲車清場,驅逐駐紮在中央廣場上的三千示威者,並追打學生。
九月中,墨國國慶日,二十萬學生用手帕蒙著嘴巴,遊行示威。政府則動用軍警,進佔更多的學校,並開始進行逮捕。在政府打壓下,學運勢頭明顯減弱。十月二日,餘下的學運領袖召開會議,地點是墨城特萊特洛高(Tlatelolco)的三原文化廣場,那是學生多次舉行會議的地方。救災那一天,軍隊出動坦克包圍廣場。當日廣場上來了很多年輕人,等待學生代表會議的結果。會議在下午五時開始。六時過後,入夜,還未及散會,軍警向人群開火。參與鎮壓行動的包括奧林匹亞營部,那是為奧運保安而特別訓練的部隊。鎮壓行動中,軍隊使用多種槍械,開槍過萬發。法國週刊Le Nouvel Obervateur 的記者寫道:“我從來未見過這樣向人群開槍。”當晚,二千人被捕。
有一點看來是肯定的,就是曾有命令,鎮壓行動要不留證據。當晚現場燈光熄滅,全區電話中斷,記者的採訪攝影被沒收底片,連醫院也實行封鎖消息。其後,被捕的人在獄中受到種種酷刑和虐待,領導學運的人被聽命政府的法庭判刑。百多個被審判的人都被扣上搶劫、兇殺、煽動叛亂等罪名。其中有個先天性雙臂短小殘障的人,被判決認定從遠處投彈焚燒了十二輛巴士。
Thirty years after the massacre, the Mexican government continues to deny its people basic facts about what happened -- refusing to open Army and police records to public scrutiny on the grounds of "national security," denying Congress the right to hear testimony by agents of the state who were present at Tlatelolco. The valiant investigative efforts by reporters, scholars, historians, and an official congressional committee have helped clarify the events of 1968 enormously. But Mexico's secret archives are also critical for a full understanding of Tlatelolco -- and until they are opened, doubts about the truth of the Tlatelolco massacre will linger on.
In October 2003, the role of the U.S. government in the massacre was publicized when the National Security Archive at George Washington University published a series of records from the CIA, the Pentagon, the State Department, the FBI and the White House which were released in response to Freedom of Information Act requests.
Stele dedicated to the remembrance of massacred students.
The documents detail:
• That in response to Mexican government concerns over the security of the Olympic Games the Pentagon sent military radios, weapons, ammunition and riot control training material to Mexico before and during the crisis.
• That the CIA station in Mexico City produced almost daily reports concerning developments within the university community and the Mexican government from July to October. Six days before the massacre at Tlatelolco, both Echeverría and head of Federal Security (DFS) Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios told the CIA that "the situation will be under complete control very shortly".
• That the Díaz Ordaz government "arranged" to have student leader Sócrates Campos Lemus accuse dissident PRI politicians such as Carlos Madrazo of funding and orchestrating the student movement.
In 1993, in remembrance of the 25th anniversary of the events, a stele was dedicated with the names of few of the students and persons who lost their lives during the event.
1.取消法律中的145和145b的條款。
2.取消特種部隊。
3.釋放政治犯。
4.撤換警察部長。
5.調查過去參與鎮壓流血事件的政府官員。
文章來源:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre
http://alice.capt.blog.163.com/blog/static/86339649200861613027133/
開槍的一霎那
then....
點此觀看,兒童不宜
學生和平示威,爲何要出動規模龐大的軍隊?
在建築物向下開槍又是怎麽一回事?
點此觀看,兒童不宜